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Primary Hyperparathyroidism Has Progressed in Terms of Diagnosis and Treatment

Gloria Simmons

The parathyroid glands, one of the last organs to be identified, are in charge of calcium homeostasis, and they continue to present diagnostic and therapeutic issues to clinicians, which are discussed below. The great majority of parathyroid gland pathology is caused by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The typical variety of PHPT, characterised by high calcium and parathyroid hormone levels, has been extensively investigated, but recent research has added to our knowledge of normocalcemic and normohormonal variations of PHPT, as well as syndromic forms of PHPT. Although the majority of PHPT today is asymptomatic, all variations can cause bone loss, kidney stones, deteriorating renal function, and a variety of neuropsychological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal problems. Surgery is still the only treatment for PHPT, and developments in screening, shifting surgical indications, novel imaging modalities, and intra-operative procedures have drastically altered the picture. In the hands of a skilled parathyroid surgeon, surgery continues to yield great results.