संक्रामक रोग और निवारक चिकित्सा जर्नल
खुला एक्सेस

अमूर्त

Monitoring and Mapping of Insecticide Resistance in Vectors of Visceral leishmaniasis in the World

Mohammad Nasrabadi, Amrollah Azarm1, Maryam Molaeezadeh, Fatemeh Shahidi, Faramarz Bozorgomid, Hassan Vatandoost*

Phlebotominae of sandflies are the vector of leishmaniasis, a disease that spreads to more than 98 countries worldwide.Visceral leshmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania spp, a protozoan parasite that can be transmitted by the bite of a sand fly infected Phlebotomus spp in the old world and Lutzomyia spp in the new world. Since the introduction of synthetic chemical insecticides in the 1940s, they continue to be an effective tool for controlling insects that carry disease pathogens. Unfortunately, insecticides are used indiscriminately and tremendous selective pressure is applied to resist insecticides. Although most species of sandflies are exposed to all major insecticide groups in the world, further evidence suggests that some Phlebotomine sandflies may be developing insecticide resistance. Some populations of sandflies are tolerant or resistant to insecticides used in the Middle East, South Asia, and South America. Such as DDT, Phlebotomus argentipes resistant to Pyrethroids from different regions of India reported. To provide authentic information about this novel, the reliable data on academic resources such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Pro-Quest, Wiley Online, Science Direct, Research Gate, PubMed, Sage, and SID were used. Different levels of susceptibility to insecticides have been reported around the world. A review of literature on sand fly susceptibility in Southeast Asia shows that P Phlebotomus argentipes, the main vector of VL, have shown resistance to DDT. Insecticide resistance has not yet been proven in Lutzomyia longipalpis but there are some signs of its occurrence in this species. For up-to-date information on vector susceptibility to insecticides, periodic monitoring of insecticides should be performed for susceptibility testing. Irrational longterm use of insecticides may cause tolerance or resistance to the target insects. To control the resistance to insecticides in sand flies and other VL and CL vectors, the use of rotation, mosaic and insecticide mixtures are possible methods. Furthermore, guidelines are needed for monitoring and evaluation of insecticide susceptibility tests against sand flies.